Tesla has filed documents with the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) acknowledging that its so-called “Robotaxi” service actually relies on dual human oversight—both an in-vehicle driver and remote operators. The service is based on Tesla’s SAE Level 2 Full Self-Driving (FSD) driver-assistance system, which by law requires a licensed driver to monitor the vehicle at all times and be ready to take immediate control. Additionally, Tesla has deployed rigorously vetted local remote operators in Austin and the Bay Area as a backup layer of support. The company cited the December 2025 San Francisco blackout—which reportedly left Waymo vehicles stranded—as an example underscoring the reliability of human-driven systems. However, Tesla faces criticism for simultaneously insisting its vehicles are not “autonomous” and thus should be exempt from autonomous vehicle regulations, while also opposing bans on marketing terms like “Robotaxi.” Critics argue this stance allows Tesla to enjoy both the regulatory leniency afforded to Level 2 systems and the marketing benefits of promoting full self-driving capabilities. Notably, California courts have previously ruled that Tesla’s use of terms like “Autopilot” and “FSD” constitutes false advertising under state law.